I’ve been reading a biography of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, by Eric Mataxas. It’s quite a read. I’ve been struck by a lot of different pieces of the book, but there are a couple of things that seem to me to tie together and be worth writing about. This is longish, so I apologize about that.

Bonhoeffer was a thorn in the side of the Nazi regime and the so-called “German Christians,” the sect that supported National Socialism (as opposed to the Confessing Church, which opposed them) from the moment either came to prominence. But the very first time he was individually targeted, in the form of an official letter from the head of the “German Christians,” it was by saying that he could “be accused of being a pacifist and an enemy of the state.”
Bonhoeffer wasn’t a pacifist. He would eventually be executed for taking part in the failed assassination attempt on Hitler. However, it struck me that being a pacifist was considered as poisonous as, was in fact synonymous with, being an enemy of the state. Those accused of pacifism would be ridiculed, watched, and eventually sent to concentration camps.
As I said, Bonhoeffer wasn’t a pacifist. But he cared deeply for peace, lived a life directed toward peace, and planned to visit Gandhi in order, in his words, to see what a community based on the Sermon on the Mount really looks like. He was once asked at a youth conference he was leading what he would do if war came, and he responded “I pray that God will give me the strength then not to pick up a weapon.” In a letter written to his brother, Bonhoeffer once wrote, “Things do exist that are worth standing up for without compromise. To me it seems that peace and social justice are such things, as is Christ himself.” A relatively conservative theologian, he nevertheless equates peace and social justice with the cause of Christ. Quite a statement from a man who decided to study theology at the age of 14.
This, as opposed to (for example) Reinhold Krause, the leader of the “German Christians” in Berlin who unsurprisingly wanted to remove the Old Testament from the Bible (ah, old heresies are the most comfortable) but who also wanted to, among other things, take the cross right out of Christianity: “[The New Testament] must no longer present an ‘exaggerated emphasis on the crucified Christ.’ This tenet was defeatist and depressing, which was to say Jewish….[T]hen he mocked the symbol of the cross, ‘a ridiculous, debilitating remnant of Judaism, unacceptable to National Socialists!’”
Forget for a moment that the cross is a ridiculous, debilitating remnant of the Roman Empire and its extra-super-nice way of dealing with its subject peoples. What really catches my attention is that Krause, a supposed Christian leader, has mistakenly stumbled his way into some key truths. The crucifixion is defeatist and, taken seriously, depressing. Jesus was Jewish, so in that sense it was quite Jewish. And the cross is ridiculous, it is debilitating, and it is certainly unacceptable to any form of government based on violence and fascistic-control.
If you don’t believe me, ask Paul, who Krause also dismissed (drat! there goes the whole Bible!). “For the message about the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing,” Paul writes, and goes on to say, “Consider your own call, brothers and sisters: not many of you were wise by human standards, not many were of noble birth. But God chose what is foolish in the world to shame the wise; God chose what is weak in the world to shame the strong; God chose what is low and despised in the world, things that are not, to reduce to nothing things that are, so that no one may boast in the presence of God.” That’s 1 Corinthians, and it’s exactly the kind of thing that Krause would hone in on as defeatist and debilitating. That’s always how it looks from a position of power or violence.
But Bonhoeffer did not stand in that position. He corresponded with Gandhi, and talked about peace and social justice, and so to him the cross which the “German Christians” wanted to expunge from the church made perfect sense. You walk right into the storm of violence and fratricide, even if it means your own death, because to do so means to represent hope and salvation to those being torn apart by that storm. Here he is again, saying that the church must be ready to “aid the victims of state action” and that it “has an unconditional obligation to the victims of any ordering of society, even if they do not belong to the Christian community.” At times, according to Bonhoeffer, the church’s role is “not just to bandage the victims under the wheel, but to put a spoke in the wheel itself.” For Bonhoeffer, I suspect, such a spoke was cruciform.
And all of this, I think, raises the question of violence, and the question of pacifism. It raises the question, to me, of how Christians can honor the cross and the sword equally, when they are opposites. When the cross is meant not as a weapon to be wielded against those people out there but rather as a rod to be jammed into the spokes of the wheel that is crushing those people out there. I could name contemporary examples, but oh how the list would go on. And as we prepare to celebrate the birth of another man who would die for his commitment to peace and justice, it would pay all of us to remember what a commitment to peace can cost. And that, in a government of violence, pacifists and enemies of the state are the same damn thing.
